VFR into IMC

Zara Rutherford, a current Guinness World Record holder, was no exception when, on day 30 of her audacious around-the-world endeavor, she stumbled into dense smoke from a lingering wildfire in northern California.

“I was flying north from Palo Alto to Seattle. I was aware there were some thunderstorms in northern California, north of Redding, but I was hoping that I could fly along and stay above the smoke. The smoke started building up and up and up, and I was trying to stay above the layer.

“Then it got to the point where, because the angle of the sun was hitting the smoke, I couldn’t see the ground from my left side anymore, but I could see it from the right side. Then, soon, I just couldn’t see the ground at all, and it got just…everything was a brownish, orangish color.

“Then the turbulence got really bad, really quickly. I’m still not sure if that was a result of the wildfires or just a gust of wind. I don’t know what it was. Suddenly, it just got really, really bumpy, and that’s when I decided to turn around and land in Redding.”

Instrument meteorological conditions are recognizable by the quality of the atmosphere encountered. Whatever phase of flight, whatever the cause, if the pilot’s visual cues (visibility, ceiling, and cloud clearance) drop below VFR minimums, they are operating in IMC. It is clear from Rutherford’s brush with smoke how a clear day can turn deadly.

The pilot’s instincts were right. As smoke enveloped her Shark Aero and the ability to maintain visual contact with her surroundings diminished, the 19-year-old took the appropriate actions.

It was a simple plan, one her flight instructor drilled into her as they prepared for her solo circumnavigation. Rutherford’s focus shifted from outside the cockpit to scanning her flight instruments. She noted her heading and altitude, checked her ADS-B display for air traffic, then banked the high-performance aircraft left in a standard rate-turn opposite her current position. Soon the Shark was back in smoother air and clearer skies, tracking to Redding airport.

A 2022 study linked VFR into IMC accidents to poor decision-making and distraction. Its researchers suggest progress is possible with recurrent training in IMC awareness, specifically simulators to reproduce loss of visual reference. Over time, continual emphasis may reduce the lethality of its occurrence.

Continued VFR flight into IMC is the fifth leading cause of noncommercial general aviation accidents and the top weather-related pilot fatality. AOPA’s Air Safety Institute has brought its 2022 VFR into IMC education campaign to a close. However, the effort to eliminate this deadly lure goes on within ASI’s online pages.

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